Angular resolution enhancement technique for diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) using predicted diffusion gradient directions

Anisotropic diffusion MRI techniques using single-shell or multi-shell acquisitions have been proposed as a means to overcome some limitations imposed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), especially in complex models of fibre orientation distribution in voxels. A long acquisition time for the angular resolution of diffusion MRI is a major obstacle to practical clinical implementations. In this paper, we propose a novel method to improve angular resolution of diffusion MRI acquisition using given diffusion gradient (DG) directions. First, we define a local diffusion pattern map of diffusion MR signals on a single shell in given DG directions. Using the local diffusion pattern map, we design a prediction scheme to determine the best DG direction to be synthesized within a nearest neighborhood DG directions group. Second, the local diffusion pattern map and the spherical distance on the shell are combined to determine a synthesized diffusion signal in the new DG direction. Using the synthesized and measured diffusion signals on a single sphere, we estimate a spin orientation distribution function (SDF) with human brain data. Although the proposed method is applied to SDF, a basic idea is to increase the angular resolution using the measured diffusion signals in various DG directions. The method can be applicable to different acquired multi-shell data or diffusion spectroscopic imaging (DSI) data. We validate the proposed method by comparing the recovered SDFs using the angular resolution enhanced diffusion signals with the recovered SDF using the measured diffusion data. The developed method provides an enhanced SDF resolution and improved multiple fiber structure by incorporating synthesized signals. The proposed method was also applied neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) using multi-shell acquisitions.